Siwa Oasis - china Hand Lever - china Pneumatic actuator
Author: swdebherwh
History
Siwa Oasis is vast, extending beyond the horizon
Site of Siwah Oasis in Egypt (top left).
Although the oasis is known to have been settled since at least the 10th millennium BC, the earliest evidence of connection with ancient Egypt is the 26th Dynasty, when a necropolis was established. The ancient Egyptian name of Siwa was Sekht-am "Palm Land".
Greek settlers at Cyrene made contact with the oasis around the same time (7th century BC), and the oracle temple of Amun (Greek: Zeus Ammon), who, Herodotus was told, took the image here of a ram. Herodotus knew of a "fountain of the Sun" that ran coldest in the noontide heat. Prior to his campaign of conquest in Persia, Alexander the Great reached the oasis, supposedly by following birds across the desert. The oracle, Alexander's court historians alleged, confirmed him as both a divine personage and the legitimate Pharaoh of Egypt.
The Romans later used Siwa as a place of banishment. Evidence of Christianity at Siwa is dubious, but in 708 the Siwans resisted an Islamic army, and probably did not convert until the 12th century. A local manuscript mentions only seven families totaling 40 men living at the oasis in 1203.
The first European to visit since Roman times was the English traveler William George Browne, who came in 1792 to see the ancient temple of the oracle.
The oasis was officially added to Egypt by Muhammad Ali of Egypt in 1819, but his rule was tenuous and marked by several revolts.
Siwa was the site of some fighting during World War I and World War II. The British Army's Long Range Desert Group was based here, but Rommel's Afrika Korps also took possession three times. German soldiers went skinny dipping in the lake of the oracle, which was considered a sacrilege.
Temple of the Oracle of Amun at Siwa
The ancient fortress of Siwa, built of natural rock (inselberg), made of salt, mud-brick and palm logs and known as the Shali Ghali ("Shali" for city, and "Ghali", remote), although now mostly abandoned and 'melted', remains a prominent feature, towering five stories above the modern town.
Other local historic sites of interest include: the remains of the oracle temple; the Gebel al Mawta (the Mountain of the Dead), a Roman-era necropolis featuring dozens of rock-cut tombs; and "Cleopatra's Bath", an antique natural spring. The fragmentary remains of the oracle temple, with some inscriptions dating from the 4th century BC, lie within the ruins of Aghurmi. The revelations of the oracle fell into disrepute under the Roman occupation of Egypt.
Another attraction for tourists is Fatnas Island, which became a palm-fringed peninsula located on the edge of a saltwater lake.[citation needed] The lake had been partially drained in recent years due to a plan to limit the effect of rising water levels in Siwa due to agricultural runoff from uncontrolled wells (a major problem affecting the entire oasis), and Fatnas Island is now surrounded mostly by mud flats. Agriculture
Siwa is popular for its palm and olive trees, producing huge volumes of dates and olives. Extra virgin olive oil is one of Siwa's popular products used in Egypt and exported to Europe. Mulukhiyah is also a reputable Siwa product in Egypt. Climate
Climate data for Siwa
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high C (F)
26.5
(80)
26.9
(80)
29.6
(85)
35.0
(95)
41.6
(107)
47.3
(117)
46.7
(116)
47.1
(117)
39.5
(103)
34.8
(95)
30.6
(87)
27.5
(82)
47.3
(117)
Average high C (F)
20
(68)
22
(72)
25
(77)
29
(84)
34
(93)
37
(99)
38
(100)
37
(99)
35
(95)
32
(90)
27
(81)
22
(72)
29
(84)
Average low C (F)
4
(39)
6
(43)
9
(48)
12
(54)
15
(59)
19
(66)
21
(70)
21
(70)
18
(64)
16
(61)
11
(52)
6
(43)
12
(54)
Record low C (F)
1.0
(34)
2.4
(36)
4.4
(40)
6.9
(44)
9.0
(48)
11.0
(52)
11.4
(53)
11.5
(53)
8.6
(47)
4.2
(40)
1.7
(35)
0.7
(33)
0.7
(33)
Precipitation mm (inches)
1
(0.04)
1
(0.04)
1
(0.04)
1
(0.04)
1
(0.04)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
1
(0.04)
1
(0.04)
2
(0.08)
9
(0.35)
Source: = "amalgamation of several climatic data sources" Ancient footprint
What may be the world's oldest human footprint was discovered in 2007 at Siwa Oasis. It may date to over 3 million years ago. See also
Ahmad Fakhri, an archaeologist who worked at this site
Siwa's mud-brick homes
Desert sand dunes around Siwa
Body of water at Siwa Oasis
Last standing wall at the Temple of Amun References
^ Ilahiane, Hsain (2006), "Siwa Oasis", written at Lanham, MD, Historical dictionary of the Berbers (Imazighen), Historical dictionaries of peoples and cultures, 5, Scarecrow Press, Inc, p. 111, ISBN 9780810854529
^ a b c d e f g h i "Siwa", Encyclopdia Britannica, 2007 .
^ Bard, Kathryn A.; Shubert, Steven Blake, eds., Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt, Routledge (UK), ISBN 0415185890, http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0415185890&id=XNdgScxtirYC&pg=PA738&lpg=PA738&ots=wF_yMSkmE0&dq="Siwa+Oasis"&ie=ISO-8859-1&output=html&sig=k7Zbz8ncr2tgC0aJXx2YGNYVib4 .
^ Arnold, Dieter; Strudwick, Helen; Strudwick, Nigel, eds. (2003), The Encyclopaedia of Ancient Egyptian Architecture, I B Tauris, ISBN 1860644651, http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN1860644651&id=XIns9M_9DcgC&pg=RA1-PA223&lpg=RA1-PA223&dq="Siwa+Oasis"&ie=ISO-8859-1&output=html&sig=ZE8yEaZ-glWVuCLRceTfM8xdn_c
^ "Ammon", Encyclopdia Britannica, 2007, http://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-21208/Amon
^ Herodotus, Histories (Herodotus)|Histories]], iv (on-line text).
^ http://byebyenet.com/Egypt/Oasis/siwa.htm
^ Reuters: Human footprint may be oldest ever found August 20, 2007. Bibliography
(French)De labitation aux pieds drgile, Les vicissitudes des matriaux (et des techniques) de construction Siwa (gypte)PDF, de Vincent Battesti, in Benfoughal T. et Boulay S. (dirs), Journal des Africanistes, Sahara : identits et mutations sociales en objets, Paris, Socits des Africanistes, 2006, Tome 76, fascicule 1, p. 165-185.
(French) Pourquoi jrais voir dn haut ce que je connais dj dn bas ? Centralits et circulations : comprendre lsage des espaces dans lasis de SiwaPDF, de Vincent Battesti, in Battesti V. et Puig N. (dirs) gypte/Monde Arabe, Terrains dypte, anthropologies contemporaines, n 3, 3e srie, 1er semestre 2006, Le Caire, Cedej, p. 139-179.
(French) Alain Blottire, L'Oasis, ditions Quai Voltaire, Paris, 1992. Pocket edition : ditions Payot, "Petite Bibliothque Voyageurs", Paris, 1994. (see link below).
(English) Alain Blottire, Siwa : the oasis, Harpocrates Publishing, Alexandria (Egypt), 2004. (see link below)
(English) Ahmed Fakhry, The Oasis of Siwa. Its Customs, History and Monuments, Cairo, Wadi el-Nil Press, 1950.
(German) Klaus P. Kuhlmann, Das Ammoneion. Archologie, Geschichte und Kultpraxis des Orakels von Siwa. Mit einem Beitrag von William Brashear, Mainz am Rhein, Verlag Philipp von Zabern, 1988 = Archologische Verffentlichungen. Deutsches Archologisches Institut Abteilung Kairo, 75. External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Siwa
(English)Siwa Town on WikiTravel.
(German)Siwa Oasis on Wikivoyage
(English)See Siwa Oasis Photo album.
(English)Siwa Oasis Photo Gallery.
(English)The Locally Run Website of Siwa Oasis.
(English)Siwa Oasis Extraordinary.
(English)Alain Blottire's Travel book on Siwa.
(French)Alain Blottire's Travel book on Siwa.
(German)Account of Germans skinny-dipping in the well of the Oracle.
Detailed map of Egypt, with towns, oases & temples: http://unimaps.com/egypt/index.html.
Pictures gallery on Siwa oasis" on vbat.org, by Vincent Battesti.
(English)Travel guide.
(English)40 Days and 1001 Nights by Tamalyn Dallal (2007).
Coordinates: 2911 2533 / 29.183N 25.55E / 29.183; 25.55
v d e
Egypt oasis areas
Bahariya . Dakhla . Farafra . Faiyum . Kharga . Siwa
Egyptology . Egyptologists . Ancient Egypt topics Categories: Matruh Governorate | Berber | Classical oracles | Oases of Egypt | Cities, towns and villages in Egypt | Tourism in EgyptHidden categories: Articles containing Arabic language text | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007
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